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formal vote

Толкование Перевод

1 formal vote

простое голосование

to put to vote — поставить на голосование

unanimous vote — единогласное голосование

vote by roll call — поименное голосование

vote of membership — голосование прихожан

vote through — провести путём голосования

English-Russian big medical dictionary > formal vote
2 formal vote

s.

votación formal.

Nuevo Diccionario Inglés-Español > formal vote
3 formal vote

просте голосування

English-Ukrainian law dictionary > formal vote
4 vote

1.
1) голосование; баллотировка

2) голос; право голоса

3) вотум

•

to abstain in a vote — воздерживаться при голосовании

to achieve a vote of confidence from smb — добиваться вотума доверия у кого-л.

to appeal for vote — призывать избирателей отдать голос кандидату

to apply for a postal vote — подавать заявление о желании голосовать по почте

to approve smth by vote — одобрять что-л. открытым голосованием

to ask for a vote article by article — требовать голосования по статьям

to attract votes — привлекать голоса

to attract small percentage of the votes — собирать небольшой процент голосов

to be two votes short of outright victory — недобрать двух голосов до полной победы

to be within two votes of the necessary figure — недобрать двух голосов до необходимой цифры

to boost smb's votes — увеличивать число голосов за кого-л.

to call for a vote of confidence — ставить вопрос о доверии

to campaign for a "no" vote — вести кампанию за отрицательное голосование ( в ходе референдума)

to cancel a vote — отменять голосование / баллотировку

to canvass votes — собирать голоса (перед выборами)

to capture the votes — получать голоса избирателей

to carry a vote of confidence — принимать вотум доверия

to carry the great majority vote — получать относительное большинство голосов

to cast a vote — голосовать

to cast a dissenting vote — выражать несогласие

to cast one's vote for / in favor of smb — голосовать / отдавать свой голос за кого-л.

to change one's vote — изменять свое голосование

to choose smb by 30 votes to 20 — избрать кого-л. тридцатью голосами против двадцати

to come up for a vote — поступать на голосование

to confirm a vote — подтверждать результаты голосования

to corral almost all the black votes — разг. получать голоса почти всего чернокожего населения

to count the votes — подсчитывать голоса

to court smb's votes — добиваться чьих-л. голосов

to decide smth by a majority vote — решать что-л. большинством голосов

to declare a vote to be final — утверждать результаты голосования

to declare a vote unconstitutional — объявлять голосование незаконным

to declare the vote closed — объявлять о прекращении голосования

to declare the vote invalid — объявлять голосование недействительным

to defeat the opposition move by 30 votes — отвергать предложение оппозиции 30 голосами

to defer a vote — откладывать / переносить голосование

to disrupt the vote — срывать выборы

to double one's share of the votes — собирать вдвое больше голосов (чем, напр. на предыдущих выборах)

to elect smb by direct vote — избирать кого-л. прямым голосованием

to enter a name in the vote list / roll — вносить кого-л. в список избирателей

to exercise one's vote — воспользоваться своим избирательным правом

to explain one's vote — выступать по мотивам голосования

to face a vote of confidence — сталкиваться с необходимостью получить вотум доверия

to fail to win enough votes — не набирать достаточного количества голосов

to gain a vote of confidence — получать вотум доверия

to gather the votes of smb — собирать / заполучать чьи-л. голоса

to get a "yes" vote — добиваться голосования "за"

to get the vote — набирать нужное число голосов; побеждать на выборах

to get two thirds of the votes — собирать две три голосов

to give a casting vote — подавать голос, дающий перевес; подавать решающий голос

to give a resounding vote of confidence — выражать кому-л. убедительный вотум доверия

to give one's vote to smth — отдавать свой голос за что-л.

to go back upon a vote — оспаривать правомочность голосования

to go to a vote — поступать на голосование

to have a casting vote — иметь перевес в один голос

to have a simple "yes"-or-"no" vote — проводить простой референдум, варианты ответа при котором только "да" или "нет"

to have the right to vote — обладать избирательным правом; иметь право голоса

to hold a vote — проводить голосование

to increase one's share of the votes — увеличивать процент собранных голосов

to influence the outcome of the votes — влиять на исход голосования

to interrupt a vote — прерывать голосование

to line up votes — собирать голоса

to look to smb for vote — рассчитывать на чьи-л. голоса

to lose one's Assembly vote — лишать права голоса в Генеральной Ассамблее ООН

to master sufficient vote — набирать достаточное число голосов

to match the aspirations of vote — удовлетворять чаяния избирателей

to move that a separate vote be taken — требовать отдельного голосования

to nullify the result of the vote — аннулировать результаты голосования

to obtain an absolute majority of vote — получать абсолютное большинство голосов

to pass a vote by a show of hands — принимать что-л. открытым голосованием

to pass a vote of censure — выносить порицание

to pass a vote of no-confidence — выражать вотум недоверия

to peel off smb's vote — отколоть часть голосов избирателей, ранее голосовавших за кого-л.

to poll vote — набирать голоса на выборах

to poll 43 per cent of the vote — набрать 43% голосов

to postpone a vote — откладывать / переносить голосование

to proceed to the vote on smth — приступать к голосованию по какому-л. вопросу

to propose a vote of no-confidence in smb — предлагать выразить недоверие кому-л.

to push an issue to a vote — настаивать на голосовании по какому-л. вопросу

to push off / to put off a vote — откладывать голосование

to put a vote through — проводить нужную кандидатуру в результате голосования

to put smth to a vote — ставить что-л. на голосование

to put the "yes" vote well behind the "no" vote — собирать намного больше голосов "против", чем голосов "за"

to put to the vote as a whole — ставить на общее голосование

to put to the vote in parts — ставить на голосование по частям

to put to the separate vote — ставить на раздельное голосование

to record the vote — регистрировать результаты голосования

to reverse a vote — голосовать за решение, обратное принятому в результате предыдущего голосования

to rig the vote — фальсифицировать результаты выборов

to secure the vote of smb — заручаться чьими-л. голосами

to seek a vote of confidence (from) — стремиться получить вотум доверия (от)

to split (up) the vote — приводить к разделению голосов

to stand by one's vote — подтверждать результаты своего голосования

to stick to the original vote — подтверждать результаты первоначального голосования

to strengthen smb's vote — увеличивать число голосов, поданных за кого-л.

to submit oneself to a vote of confidence — ставить вопрос о вотуме доверия в отношении своей политики

to survive a vote of no-confidence — едва уцелеть при вотуме недоверия

to swing the vote — приводить к перераспределению голосов

to swivel a crucial vote of confidence in parliament — удержаться у власти при решающем вотуме доверия в парламенте

to table a vote of no-confidence — вносить вотум недоверия

to take a vote on smth — голосовать / проводить голосование по какому-л. вопросу

to take a formal vote — проводить официальное голосование

to take count of vote — производить подсчет голосов

to take decisions by majority vote — принимать решения большинством голосов

to take no part in a vote — не участвовать в голосовании

to take part in a vote — участвовать в голосовании

to tally the vote — вести подсчет голосов, подсчитывать голоса

to tip the electoral vote to smb — склонять симпатии избирателей в чью-л. пользу

to transfer smb's vote to — переносить полученные кем-л. голоса на...

to trigger a vote — служить толчком к голосованию

to undergo a vote of confidence — проходить через процедуру вотума доверия

to win vote — завоевывать голоса ( избирателей)

to win a popular vote — получать большинство голосов избирателей

to win over the Asian vote — обеспечивать себе голоса выходцев из азиатских стран

- no vote
- yes vote
- 3000 electorate are still undecided how to cast their votes
- absentee vote
- act of vote
- affirmative vote
- annual vote
- binding vote
- black votes
- bloc votes
- block vote
- bull vote
- bullet vote
- by direct vote
- calling for a postponement of the vote
- cemetery vote
- chase for vote
- clean vote
- close vote
- clothespin vote
- collapse of the vote for a party
- complimentary vote
- compromise vote
- conclusion of the vote
- concurring votes
- confidence vote
- confirmation vote
- conservative votes
- convincing vote
- counting of votes

- critical vote
- crossover vote
- crucial vote
- direct vote
- dissenting vote
- division of votes
- early vote
- electoral college vote
- electoral vote
- eligible to vote
- equality of vote
- equally divided votes
- explanation of vote after
- explanation of vote before
- fair count of votes
- final vote
- floating votes
- free vote
- heavy vote
- if the vote goes against him
- in pursuit of votes
- inconclusive vote
- ineligible to vote
- it will lose them votes
- majority vote
- massive no vote
- minority vote
- nationwide vote
- negative vote
- no-confidence vote
- non-recorded vote
- number of votes
- open vote
- opposition vote
- outcome of the vote
- overwhelming vote
- party-line vote
- payroll vote
- plural vote
- popular vote
- postal vote
- primary votes
- protest vote
- proxy vote
- recorded vote
- rejection as the result of an equal vote
- rerun of a vote
- rising vote
- roll-call vote
- secret vote
- separated vote
- silent votes
- skewed vote
- soft votes
- solid votes
- straw vote
- strong female votes
- swing votes
- the casting vote
- the die was cast for a vote of no-confidence
- the opposition vote was split
- there is equality of vote
- ticket vote
- tie vote
- token vote
- unanimous vote
- validly cast votes
- vendible votes
- voice vote
- vote and proceedings
- vote article by article
- vote at the rostrum
- vote by yes and no
- vote by a tiny margin
- vote by cards
- vote by correspondence
- vote by proxy
- vote by roll-call
- vote by secret ballot
- vote by show of hands
- vote by sitting and standing
- vote cast against smb
- vote cast for favor of smb
- vote cast in favor of smb
- vote cast
- vote ended in defeat
- vote for change
- vote for more of the same
- vote in the normal way
- vote is not binding
- vote is not conclusive
- vote is taking place in a climate of nervousness
- vote of censure
- vote of confidence in smb
- vote of no confidence in the President
- vote of thanks
- vote on defense
- vote on the floor
- vote puts the party narrowly forward of its rivals
- vote without debate
- votes are being counted
- white votes
- without a vote
- write-in vote 2. v
голосовать; баллотировать

to be deprived of the right to vote — быть лишенным избирательных прав

to be entitled to vote — обладать избирательным правом, иметь право голоса

to vote smb back in — снова избирать кого-л.

to vote a party into power — приводить партию к власти в результате выборов

to vote according to smb's conscience — голосовать так, как велит / подсказывает совесть

to vote against smb — голосовать против кого-л.

to vote article by article — голосовать отдельно по статьям, проводить постатейное голосование

to vote by "yes" and "no" — голосовать ответом "да" или "нет"

to vote by a big majority to do smth — принимать решение сделать что-л. значительным большинством голосов

to vote by ballot — баллотировать

to vote by mail — голосовать по почте

to vote by an overwhelming margin — голосовать подавляющим большинством

to vote by post — голосовать по почте

to vote by proxy — голосовать по доверенности

to vote by roll-call — голосовать поименно; проводить поименное голосование

to vote by secret ballot — решать тайным голосованием

to vote by show of hands — голосовать поднятием рук

to vote by sitting and standing — голосовать вставанием

to vote conservative — брит. голосовать за консерваторов

to vote for a new parliament — выбирать новый состав парламента

to vote for the draft resolution — голосовать за проект резолюции

to vote green — голосовать за партию "зеленых"

to vote heavily against smb — голосовать значительным большинством голосов против кого-л.

to vote in favor — голосовать за

to vote in person — голосовать лично

to vote in secret — проводить тайное голосование

to vote in the affirmative — голосовать "за"

to vote in the first round of the presidential election — голосовать в первом туре президентских выборов

to vote in the negative — голосовать против

to vote into a committee — избирать кого-л. в члены комитета

to vote labour — брит. голосовать за лейбористов

to vote left — голосовать за левых

to vote Mr. X. — голосовать за г-на Х.

to vote narrowly against smth — голосовать / принимать решение незначительным большинством голосов

to vote narrowly for / in favor of smth — голосовать за что-л. незначительным большинством

to vote on a new constitution — участвовать в голосовании по проекту новой конституции

to vote on the motion as a whole — голосовать по ходатайству в целом

to vote oneself out of existence / to vote oneself out of office — голосовать за самороспуск

to vote overwhelmingly against smth — голосовать подавляющим большинством против чего-л.

to vote smb back as mayor — снова избирать кого-л. мэром

to vote smb back into office — переизбирать кого-л. на еще один срок

to vote smb down — забаллотировать кого-л.

to vote smb in — избирать кого-л. на какой-л. пост

to vote smb into parliament — избирать кого-л. в парламент

to vote smb out — отстранять кого-л. от власти, смещать кого-л. в результате выборов

to vote smth down — отклонять / проваливать что-л. в результате голосования

to vote the straight ticket — полит. жарг. голосовать за всех кандидатов, выдвинутых партией

to vote through — проводить путем голосования

to vote unanimously — голосовать единогласно

to vote viva voce — голосовать устно

to vote without debate — голосовать без прений

- voted by acclamation
- Which way to vote?

Politics english-russian dictionary > vote
5 formal

формальний; офіційний; належним чином оформлений; запротокольований; встановлений законом

formal admission in answer to a notice to admit facts — формальне визнання факту у відповідь на повідомлення з вимогою визнати факти по справі

formal admission in answer to interrogatories — формальне визнання факту у відповідь на запитання, що міститься у письмовому опитуванні

formal announcement of criminal charge — офіційне оголошення кримінального обвинувачення

formal examination of evidence by court — офіційний розгляд свідчень судом

formal qualifications for presidential candidacy — встановлені законом вимоги до кандидата у президенти

formal service of judicial documents — офіційне вручення судових документів

- formal accusation
- formal accusation of a crime
- formal acquiescence
- formal address
- formal adjudication
- formal admission
- formal admission at the trial
- formal admission by letter
- formal agreement
- formal amendment
- formal approval
- formal authority
- formal authorization
- formal charge
- formal contract
- formal conviction
- formal decision
- formal declaration
- formal declaration of war
- formal defect
- formal diversion
- formal document
- formal effort
- formal entity
- formal equality
- formal equality at law
- formal error
- formal examination
- formal head of state
- formal justification
- formal law
- formal legislation
- formal means of lawmaking
- formal notification
- formal order
- formal permission
- formal point of view
- formal police action
- formal police powers
- formal power
- formal powers
- formal procedure
- formal process
- formal proof
- formal protest
- formal punitive system
- formal qualifications
- formal registration
- formal relations
- formal reply
- formal request
- formal requirement
- formal requisition
- formal right
- formal service
- formal signature
- formal social security system
- formal source
- formal statement
- formal submission
- formal treaty
- formal trial stage
- formal verdict
- formal vote
- formal warrant

English-Ukrainian law dictionary > formal
6 formal logic

формальная логика

three-level logic — трехуровневая логика

traditional logic — традиционная логика

distributed logic — распределенная логика

majority-vote logic — мажоритарная логика

programmed logic — программируемая логика

The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > formal logic
7 votación formal

• formal vote

Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > votación formal
8 votación formal

f.

formal vote.

Spanish-English dictionary > votación formal
9 просте голосування

formal vote

Українсько-англійський юридичний словник > просте голосування
10 избирать прямым голосованием

1. elect by direct vote

голосование — casting a vote

участник голосования — voter

утверждать голосованием — vote

равное голосование — equal vote

устное голосование — voice vote

2. electing by direct vote

открытое голосование — open vote

прямое голосование — direct vote

простое голосование — formal vote

свободное голосование — free vote

схема голосования — voter circuit

Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > избирать прямым голосованием
11 проводит голосование

1. take a vote

голосование — casting a vote

участник голосования — voter

день голосования — ballot day

утверждать голосованием — vote

равное голосование — equal vote

2. vote through

устное голосование — voice vote

открытое голосование — open vote

прямое голосование — direct vote

простое голосование — formal vote

свободное голосование — free vote

Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > проводит голосование
12 suffrage

suffrage ['sʌfrɪdʒ]

noun

(a) (right to vote) droit m de suffrage ou de vote;

∎ universal suffrage suffrage m universel;

∎ women's suffrage le droit de vote pour les femmes

(b) formal (vote) suffrage m, vote m

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > suffrage
13 discessiō

discessiō ōnis, f [discedo], a separation, division: Si eveniat discessio, a divorce, T.—Of the senate, a division, formal vote: senatus consultum de supplicatione per discessionem fecit: sine ullā varietate, a unanimous vote: quamquam discessio facta non esset, no vote was taken.
* * *

discessionis N F

withdrawal, dispersal

Latin-English dictionary > discessiō
14 complector

complector ( conp-), plexus, 3, v. dep. (in signif. mostly coinciding with amplector), prop., to entwine around a person or thing (cf. amplector; class. in prose and poetry).
I.
Lit.
a.
Of persons, to clasp, embrace, as an expression of affection.
(α).
With acc.:
vidi et illam et hospitem Conplexum atque ausculantem,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 53: adcurrit;
mediam mulierem complectitur,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 106:
tum ille artius puellam amplexus,
Cic. Div. 1, 46, 103:
viri corpus,
Lucr. 4, 1193:
(adulescentem) complexus osculatusque dimiserit,
Cic. Att. 16, 5, 2:
suum maritum,
Ov. M. 12, 428:
nepotes,
Verg. A. 6, 786:
aliquem conplexa tenere,
Cic. Font. 21, 47 (17, 36); cf. Stat. S. 2, 1, 121.—Of parts of the person:
dextram euntis,
Verg. A. 8, 558; Ov. M. 6, 494; cf. Curt. 6, 7, 8:
infirmis membra lacertis,
Ov. M. 10, 407:
genua. in supplication,
Quint. 6, 1, 34:
pedes alicujus,
Luc. 10, 89.—
(β).
With inter se:
nosque inter nos esse conplexos,
Cic. Div. 1, 28, 58:
conplecti inter se lacrimantes milites coepisse,
Liv. 7, 42, 6; Verg. A. 5, 766.—
(γ).
With in vicem, Quint. 7, 10, 17.—
(δ).
Absol.:
nequeunt conplecti satis,
Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 32: Phr. Conplectere. Di. Lubens, id. Truc. 2, 4, 19:
contineri qum conplectar non queo,
id. Men. 5, 9, 65; id. Mil. 4, 8, 19; Prop. 1, [p. 390] 10, 5.—
(ε).
With cum and abl., Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 134.—
b.
In gen., to grasp, clasp, seize, encircle, surround, compass, enclose:
(vitis) claviculis suis quasi manibus quicquid est nacta complectitur,
Cic. Sen. 15, 52:
(orbis caelestis) extimus, qui reliquos omnis complectitur,
id. Rep. 6, 17, 17:
complexi terram maris,
Ov. M. 8, 731:
ubi mollis amaracus illum (Ascanium) Floribus et dulci conplectitur umbrā,
Verg. A. 1, 694:
vestis complectens undique corpus,
Cat. 64, 307:
spatium,
to mark out around for military purposes, Caes. B. G. 7, 72; Auct. B. G. 8, 74; cf.
of ploughing around,
Ov. M. 15, 619:
aliquem obsidione,
Vell. 2, 51, 1 et saep.:
caput digitis cruentis,
Ov. M. 3, 727:
manibus eminentia saxa,
Curt. 7, 11, 15:
dexterā impendentes ramos,
id. 9, 5, 13.—Of grasping an adversary in fight:
quoad stans complecti posset atque contendere,
Nep. Epam. 2, 4:
qui cum inter se complexi in terram ex equis decidissent... non prius distracti sunt, quam alterum anima relinqueret,
in contention, id. Eum. 4, 2.—
II.
Trop.
A.
Of sleep, to seize upon, enfold:
sopor fessos complectitur artus,
Verg. A. 2, 253; cf.:
me artior somnus conplexus est,
Cic. Rep. 6, 10, 10.—
B.
To embrace something intellectually as a whole, to comprehend, understand:
aliquid cogitatione et mente,
Cic. Or. 2, 8; cf. id. Fam. 5, 17, 4:
deum et divinum animum cogitatione,
id. Tusc. 1, 22, 51:
omne caelum totamque cum universo mari terram mente,
id. Fin. 2, 34, 112; cf. Quint. 12, 1, 25; 12, 2, 17:
animo proxima quaeque meo,
Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 70:
rei magnitudinem animo,
Cic. de Or. 1, 5, 19; Quint. 10, 6, 3; 10, 6, 6 al.; cf. without acc.:
cum conplector animo, quattuor reperio causas, etc.,
Cic. Sen. 5, 15.—Without mente, animo, etc.:
perficies ut ego ista innumerabilia complectens nusquam labar?
Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 114:
totum genus judiciorum,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 12, § 32:
formam animi magis quam corporis,
to consider, Tac. Agr. 46:
aliquid memoriā,
Cic. Div. 2, 71, 146; Quint. 2, 7, 3;
and without memoria,
id. 11, 2, 36.—
C.
To comprehend a multitude of objects in discourse or in a written representation, to comprise, express, describe, represent, explain; with acc. and abl. or adv.:
omnia alicujus facta oratione,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 26, § 57:
omnium rerum memoriam breviter libro,
id. Brut. 3, 14:
orator autem sic illigat sententiam verbis, ut eam numero quodam complectatur et astricto et soluto,
id. de Or. 3, 44, 175:
omnia unā comprehensione,
id. Fin. 5, 9, 26:
plura semel,
Quint. 11, 1, 66:
pauca paucis,
id. 8, 3, 82; cf. id. 7, 3, 29:
sententiam his verbis,
id. 3, 6, 13.—Esp. with sententiā, to sum up in a formal vote or decree (of speeches in the Senate): causas complectar ipsā sententiā, in the motion or decree itself, Cic. Phil. 14, 11, 29:
sed ut aliquando sententiā complectar, ita censeo,
id. ib. 14, 14, 36.—Hence,
2.
In philos. lang., to draw a conclusion, make an inference, Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 73; Auct. Her. 2, 29, 47; cf. complexio.—
D.
To embrace from love, to love, value, honor; to be addicted to, to care for; with acc. and abl.:
aliquem honoribus et beneficiis suis,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 16, 38; cf.:
eum beneficio,
id. Planc. 33, 82:
aliquem summā benevolentiā,
id. Fam. 6, 14, 1:
hunc omni tuā comitate,
id. ib. 7, 5, 3:
omnes caritate cives,
Liv. 7, 40, 3:
aliquem artā familiaritate,
Plin. Ep. 3, 11, 5 al. — Without abl.:
hominem,
Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 4. — Absol.: da te homini;
complectetur,
Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 2:
quos fortuna complexa est,
id. Lael. 15, 54:
philosophiam,
id. Brut. 93, 322; cf.:
artes ingenuas,
Ov. P. 1, 6, 9:
causam eam,
Cic. Phil. 5, 16, 44; cf. id. Att. 16, 15, 3:
otium,
id. ib. 2, 6, 1.—
E.
To embrace, include:
cari sunt parentes, cari liberi, propinqui, familiares, sed omnis omnium caritates patria una complexa est,
Cic. Off. 1, 17, 87:
licet haec omnia complectatur eversio,
Quint. 8, 3, 69; 2, 15, 13.—
F.
(Causa pro effectu.) To take into possession, to seize, lay hold of, to make one ' s self master of (rare):
(philosophiae) vis valet multum, cum est idoneam complexa naturam,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 4, 11:
facultatem aliquam,
id. Fam. 10, 12, 5; Liv. 44, 1, 12:
plures provincias complexus sum quam alii urbes ceperunt,
Curt. 6, 3, 4.

► *
a.
Act. collat form complecto, ĕre: quando convenit complectite, Pompon. ap. Non. p. 472 fin.; cf. Prisc. p. 797 P.—
b.
complector, ti, in pass. signif.: invidiosā fortunā complecti, Cic. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 793 P.:
quo uno maleficio scelera omnia complexa esse videantur,
id. Rosc. Am. 13, 37 (but in Cic. Tusc. 5, 14, 40, and id. Fin. 3, 12, 41, the best read. is completur).

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > complector
15 conplector

complector ( conp-), plexus, 3, v. dep. (in signif. mostly coinciding with amplector), prop., to entwine around a person or thing (cf. amplector; class. in prose and poetry).
I.
Lit.
a.
Of persons, to clasp, embrace, as an expression of affection.
(α).
With acc.:
vidi et illam et hospitem Conplexum atque ausculantem,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 53: adcurrit;
mediam mulierem complectitur,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 106:
tum ille artius puellam amplexus,
Cic. Div. 1, 46, 103:
viri corpus,
Lucr. 4, 1193:
(adulescentem) complexus osculatusque dimiserit,
Cic. Att. 16, 5, 2:
suum maritum,
Ov. M. 12, 428:
nepotes,
Verg. A. 6, 786:
aliquem conplexa tenere,
Cic. Font. 21, 47 (17, 36); cf. Stat. S. 2, 1, 121.—Of parts of the person:
dextram euntis,
Verg. A. 8, 558; Ov. M. 6, 494; cf. Curt. 6, 7, 8:
infirmis membra lacertis,
Ov. M. 10, 407:
genua. in supplication,
Quint. 6, 1, 34:
pedes alicujus,
Luc. 10, 89.—
(β).
With inter se:
nosque inter nos esse conplexos,
Cic. Div. 1, 28, 58:
conplecti inter se lacrimantes milites coepisse,
Liv. 7, 42, 6; Verg. A. 5, 766.—
(γ).
With in vicem, Quint. 7, 10, 17.—
(δ).
Absol.:
nequeunt conplecti satis,
Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 32: Phr. Conplectere. Di. Lubens, id. Truc. 2, 4, 19:
contineri qum conplectar non queo,
id. Men. 5, 9, 65; id. Mil. 4, 8, 19; Prop. 1, [p. 390] 10, 5.—
(ε).
With cum and abl., Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 134.—
b.
In gen., to grasp, clasp, seize, encircle, surround, compass, enclose:
(vitis) claviculis suis quasi manibus quicquid est nacta complectitur,
Cic. Sen. 15, 52:
(orbis caelestis) extimus, qui reliquos omnis complectitur,
id. Rep. 6, 17, 17:
complexi terram maris,
Ov. M. 8, 731:
ubi mollis amaracus illum (Ascanium) Floribus et dulci conplectitur umbrā,
Verg. A. 1, 694:
vestis complectens undique corpus,
Cat. 64, 307:
spatium,
to mark out around for military purposes, Caes. B. G. 7, 72; Auct. B. G. 8, 74; cf.
of ploughing around,
Ov. M. 15, 619:
aliquem obsidione,
Vell. 2, 51, 1 et saep.:
caput digitis cruentis,
Ov. M. 3, 727:
manibus eminentia saxa,
Curt. 7, 11, 15:
dexterā impendentes ramos,
id. 9, 5, 13.—Of grasping an adversary in fight:
quoad stans complecti posset atque contendere,
Nep. Epam. 2, 4:
qui cum inter se complexi in terram ex equis decidissent... non prius distracti sunt, quam alterum anima relinqueret,
in contention, id. Eum. 4, 2.—
II.
Trop.
A.
Of sleep, to seize upon, enfold:
sopor fessos complectitur artus,
Verg. A. 2, 253; cf.:
me artior somnus conplexus est,
Cic. Rep. 6, 10, 10.—
B.
To embrace something intellectually as a whole, to comprehend, understand:
aliquid cogitatione et mente,
Cic. Or. 2, 8; cf. id. Fam. 5, 17, 4:
deum et divinum animum cogitatione,
id. Tusc. 1, 22, 51:
omne caelum totamque cum universo mari terram mente,
id. Fin. 2, 34, 112; cf. Quint. 12, 1, 25; 12, 2, 17:
animo proxima quaeque meo,
Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 70:
rei magnitudinem animo,
Cic. de Or. 1, 5, 19; Quint. 10, 6, 3; 10, 6, 6 al.; cf. without acc.:
cum conplector animo, quattuor reperio causas, etc.,
Cic. Sen. 5, 15.—Without mente, animo, etc.:
perficies ut ego ista innumerabilia complectens nusquam labar?
Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 114:
totum genus judiciorum,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 12, § 32:
formam animi magis quam corporis,
to consider, Tac. Agr. 46:
aliquid memoriā,
Cic. Div. 2, 71, 146; Quint. 2, 7, 3;
and without memoria,
id. 11, 2, 36.—
C.
To comprehend a multitude of objects in discourse or in a written representation, to comprise, express, describe, represent, explain; with acc. and abl. or adv.:
omnia alicujus facta oratione,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 26, § 57:
omnium rerum memoriam breviter libro,
id. Brut. 3, 14:
orator autem sic illigat sententiam verbis, ut eam numero quodam complectatur et astricto et soluto,
id. de Or. 3, 44, 175:
omnia unā comprehensione,
id. Fin. 5, 9, 26:
plura semel,
Quint. 11, 1, 66:
pauca paucis,
id. 8, 3, 82; cf. id. 7, 3, 29:
sententiam his verbis,
id. 3, 6, 13.—Esp. with sententiā, to sum up in a formal vote or decree (of speeches in the Senate): causas complectar ipsā sententiā, in the motion or decree itself, Cic. Phil. 14, 11, 29:
sed ut aliquando sententiā complectar, ita censeo,
id. ib. 14, 14, 36.—Hence,
2.
In philos. lang., to draw a conclusion, make an inference, Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 73; Auct. Her. 2, 29, 47; cf. complexio.—
D.
To embrace from love, to love, value, honor; to be addicted to, to care for; with acc. and abl.:
aliquem honoribus et beneficiis suis,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 16, 38; cf.:
eum beneficio,
id. Planc. 33, 82:
aliquem summā benevolentiā,
id. Fam. 6, 14, 1:
hunc omni tuā comitate,
id. ib. 7, 5, 3:
omnes caritate cives,
Liv. 7, 40, 3:
aliquem artā familiaritate,
Plin. Ep. 3, 11, 5 al. — Without abl.:
hominem,
Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 4. — Absol.: da te homini;
complectetur,
Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 2:
quos fortuna complexa est,
id. Lael. 15, 54:
philosophiam,
id. Brut. 93, 322; cf.:
artes ingenuas,
Ov. P. 1, 6, 9:
causam eam,
Cic. Phil. 5, 16, 44; cf. id. Att. 16, 15, 3:
otium,
id. ib. 2, 6, 1.—
E.
To embrace, include:
cari sunt parentes, cari liberi, propinqui, familiares, sed omnis omnium caritates patria una complexa est,
Cic. Off. 1, 17, 87:
licet haec omnia complectatur eversio,
Quint. 8, 3, 69; 2, 15, 13.—
F.
(Causa pro effectu.) To take into possession, to seize, lay hold of, to make one ' s self master of (rare):
(philosophiae) vis valet multum, cum est idoneam complexa naturam,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 4, 11:
facultatem aliquam,
id. Fam. 10, 12, 5; Liv. 44, 1, 12:
plures provincias complexus sum quam alii urbes ceperunt,
Curt. 6, 3, 4.

► *
a.
Act. collat form complecto, ĕre: quando convenit complectite, Pompon. ap. Non. p. 472 fin.; cf. Prisc. p. 797 P.—
b.
complector, ti, in pass. signif.: invidiosā fortunā complecti, Cic. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 793 P.:
quo uno maleficio scelera omnia complexa esse videantur,
id. Rosc. Am. 13, 37 (but in Cic. Tusc. 5, 14, 40, and id. Fin. 3, 12, 41, the best read. is completur).

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > conplector
16 moción

f.

1 motion, proposal.

2 movement, motion.

* * *

moción

► nombre femenino

1 motion

2 (movimiento) motion, movement

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

aprobar una moción to pass a motion

moción de censura vote of no confidence

* * *

noun f.

motion

* * *

SF

1) (Parl) motion

hacer o presentar una moción — to propose o table a motion

moción compuesta — composite motion

moción de censura — motion of censure, censure motion

moción de confianza — vote of confidence

2) (=movimiento) motion

* * *

femenino motion

presentar una moción — to propose o (BrE) table a motion

votar una moción — to vote on a motion

hacer una moción de orden — to make a point of order

- moción de censura

* * *

= resolution, motion, movement.

Ex. I was one of the cosigners of a resolution which tried to have the ISBD repealed.

Ex. Policies are official statements of authority, having been developed, passed by formal motion, and recorded by the board of trustees.

Ex. She is a dynamic dancer and expresses her movements with ultimate power.

----

* aprobar por moción = pass by + motion.

* aprobar una moción = pass + resolution, adopt + resolution, approve + resolution, pass + motion.

* moción de censura = censure motion, vote of no confidence.

* persona que apoya una moción o propuesta = seconder.

* proponer una moción = propose + motion.

* rechazar una moción = defeat + motion.

* * *

femenino motion

presentar una moción — to propose o (BrE) table a motion

votar una moción — to vote on a motion

hacer una moción de orden — to make a point of order

- moción de censura

* * *

= resolution, motion, movement.

Ex: I was one of the cosigners of a resolution which tried to have the ISBD repealed.

Ex: Policies are official statements of authority, having been developed, passed by formal motion, and recorded by the board of trustees.

Ex: She is a dynamic dancer and expresses her movements with ultimate power.

* aprobar por moción = pass by + motion.

* aprobar una moción = pass + resolution, adopt + resolution, approve + resolution, pass + motion.

* moción de censura = censure motion, vote of no confidence.

* persona que apoya una moción o propuesta = seconder.

* proponer una moción = propose + motion.

* rechazar una moción = defeat + motion.

* * *

moción

feminine

motion

presentar una moción to propose o ( BrE) table a motion

no apoyaron la moción they didn't support the motion

votar una moción to vote on a motion

promover una moción to bring forward a motion (for discussion)

aceptar/rechazar una moción to pass/reject a motion

la moción se aprobó por 130 votos a favor y 70 en contra the motion was carried o passed by 130 votes to 70

hacer una moción de orden to make a point of order

Compuesto:

moción de censura

vote of censure o no confidence

* * *

moción sustantivo femenino
motion;
◊ presentar una moción to propose o (BrE) table a motion;

moción de censura vote of censure o no confidence
moción sustantivo femenino motion: se aprobó la moción, the motion was accepted/passed
moción de censura, vote of no confidence

' moción' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
censura
- unanimidad
- aprobación
- aprobar
- proponer
- rechazar
- rechazo
English:
carry
- motion
- roll
- second
- sponsor

* * *

moción nf

motion;

presentar una moción to present o bring a motion;

apoyo la moción I second the motion

Comp
moción de censura motion of censure;
moción de confianza motion of confidence

* * *

moción

f POL motion

* * *

moción nf, pl - ciones

1) movimiento: motion, movement

2) : motion (to a court or assembly)

Spanish-English dictionary > moción
17 ПРОЦЕДУРНАЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ

@ заседание

процедурная терминология
meeting (formal) @ открытое заседание
процедурная терминология
public, open meeting @ закрытое заседание
процедурная терминология
closed, private meeting @ пленарное заседание
процедурная терминология
(coll. пленарка) plenary meeting @ встреча на высшем уровне
процедурная терминология
summit meeting @ съезд
процедурная терминология
convention/conference @ конференция
процедурная терминология
conference @ правление
процедурная терминология
board of governors @ совет директоров
процедурная терминология
board of directors @комитет
процедурная терминология
committee @комиссия
процедурная терминология
commission @ подкомитет, подкомиссия
процедурная терминология
subcommittee, subcommission @ специальный комитет
процедурная терминология
ad hoc committee @ редакционный комитет
процедурная терминология
drafting/editorial committee @ круглый стол
процедурная терминология
round table @ рабочая группа
процедурная терминология
working group/party @собраться
процедурная терминология
to meet @заседать
процедурная терминология
to hold a meeting @ собрать заседание
процедурная терминология
to call/convene a meeting @ учредить комитет @создать комитет
процедурная терминология
to establish/found/set up a committee @ назначить представителя
процедурная терминология
to appoint a representative @ поручить комитету
процедурная терминология
to charge/entrust a committee with something @ торжественное открытие
процедурная терминология
formal opening/ceremony/session @ заключительное заседание
процедурная терминология
final/closing meeting @ совместное заседание
процедурная терминология
joint meeting @ постоянный комитет
процедурная терминология
main standing committee @ зарегистрироваться на конгрессе
процедурная терминология
to register at a congress @ принимающая страна
процедурная терминология
host country @ приглашающая страна
процедурная терминология
inviting country @составить программу работы @выработать программу работы
процедурная терминология
to draw up the program of work @крайний срок @срок подачи
процедурная терминология
deadline @ заблаговременно
процедурная терминология
in sufficient time/early enough/in good time @ штаб-квартира
процедурная терминология
headquarters @ официальные языки
процедурная терминология
official languages @ рабочие языки
процедурная терминология
working languages @ условия назначения
процедурная терминология
terms and conditions of appointment @ суточные
процедурная терминология
per diem @ командировочные
процедурная терминология
travel, subsistence allowance @ конституция
процедурная терминология
constitution @ устав
процедурная терминология
charter @ Заключительный акт
процедурная терминология
Final Act @ пакт
процедурная терминология
covenant, pact @ договор
процедурная терминология
treaty @соглашение @договоренность
процедурная терминология
agreement @декларация @заявление
процедурная терминология
declaration @ кодекс
процедурная терминология
code @ правила процедуры
процедурная терминология
rules of procedure @ предварительная повестка дня
процедурная терминология
provisional agenda @ включить в повестку дня
процедурная терминология
to include on the agenda @ быть в повестке дня
процедурная терминология
to appear on the agenda @ пункт повестки дня
процедурная терминология
agenda item @ прочие вопросы @разное
процедурная терминология
other matters/other business/ miscellaneous @ расписание
процедурная терминология
timetable/schedule @ резолюция
процедурная терминология
resolution @ проект
процедурная терминология
(резолюции, доклада) draft (resolution, report) @ решение
процедурная терминология
decision @ доклад
процедурная терминология
report @ совместный
(доклад, резолюция) joint
@ основной доклад
процедурная терминология
keynote address @ вступительное слово/речь
процедурная терминология
opening address @ заключительное слово
процедурная терминология
closing/concluding remarks @ рабочий документ
процедурная терминология
working paper/document @ тезисы доклада
процедурная терминология
abstract @ обзор
процедурная терминология
survey, review @ выступление
statement

Syn:

сообщение заявление
@ сводка
процедурная терминология
abstract, summary
Syn:

конспект, резюме
@ вести протокол
процедурная терминология
to take the minutes @стенографический отчет @полный отчет
verbatim record
@ машинописное бюро
процедурная терминология
typing pool @ список ораторов
процедурная терминология
list of speakers @ поправка
процедурная терминология
amendment @ добавление
процедурная терминология
addition, addendum @ вставка
процедурная терминология
insertion @ исключение @ изъятие
процедурная терминология
deletion @ разрабатывать
процедурная терминология
produce, prepare, draw up, draft a
Syn:

подготавливать
@ редактировать документ
процедурная терминология
document @ рассматривать
процедурная терминология
( документ) to consider @ первоначальный текст
процедурная терминология
original text @ договаривающиеся стороны
процедурная терминология
contracting parties @ быть участником конвенции
процедурная терминология
to be a party to a convention @ присоединиться к конвенции
процедурная терминология
to adhere/accede to a convention @ присоединение
процедурная терминология
accession @ с оговорками
процедурная терминология
with reservations @ безоговорочно
процедурная терминология
without reservations, unconditionally @ войти в силу @ вступить в силу
процедурная терминология
to enter into force @ осуществлять конвенцию
процедурная терминология
to apply, implement, put into effect a convention @ выполнять положения конвенции
процедурная терминология
to implement provisions @ нарушать положения (конвенции)
процедурная терминология
to violate provisions (of a convention) @ глава делегации
процедурная терминология
head of delegation @ Полномочный представитель
процедурная терминология
Plenipotentiary representative @ с правом голоса
процедурная терминология
with a right to vote @ наблюдатель
процедурная терминология
observer @ заместитель
процедурная терминология
deputy @ ревизор
процедурная терминология
auditor @ должным образом уполномоченный
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duly authorized @ присутствовать
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to attend/be present @ членство
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membership @ состав
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(делегации, конференции)
composition/membership (of a delegation, conference)
@ действовать в качестве
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to act as... @ полномочия
credentials
@ верительные грамоты
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credentials @ должность
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post/job/position @ должностные лица
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officials @ председатель
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chairman, president @ госпожа председатель
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Madam Chairman/Chairwoman @ заместитель председателя
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vice-chairman, vice-president @ докладчик
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rapporteur @ срок полномочий
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term of office @ занимать должность
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to be in office @ казначей
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treasurer @ сотрудники
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staff/associates @ зал заседаний
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conference hall @ трибуна
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rostrum @ поставить вопрос на голосование
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to put a question to a vote @ приступить к голосованию
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to proceed to a vote @ голосовать
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to vote @ воздержаться
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to abstain @ голос за
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affirmative vote, in favor @ голос против
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negative vote, opposed @ равенство голосов
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a tie vote @ единодушное голосование
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unanimous vote @ тайное голосование
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secret ballot @ поименное голосование
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roll call vote @ избирательный бюллетень
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ballot paper @ требуемое большинство
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required majority @ выступить по мотивам голосования
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to explain one's vote @ выставить свою кандидатуру
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to put forward/propose one's candidacy @ предложить кандидатуру
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to nominate @ отложить
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(голосование, заседание) to defer, postpone @отсрочить
(голосование, заседание) to defer, postpone
@ наложить вето
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to veto @ заседание объявляется открытым
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the meeting is called to order @ комитет заседает
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the committee is meeting @ объявить дискуссию открытой
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to declare the discussion open @возобновить
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ПРОЦЕДУРНАЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ заседание - to resume meeting
ПРОЦЕДУРНАЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ прения - to resume debate
@ общие прения
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general debate @ перейти к существу вопроса
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to come to the substance of the matter @ предоставить слово
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to call upon/give the floor @ слово предоставляется делегату...
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to recognize @ просить слова
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to ask for the floor @ дать слово
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to give the floor to @ получить слово
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to get, have the floor @ выступать
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to take the floor/speak @ Кто еще хотел бы выступить?
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Are there any other speakers/ Would anyone else like (to take) the floor/ Are there any further contributions? @ оставить за собой право ответить позже
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to reserve one's right to answer at a later stage @ комитету представлен доклад...
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the Committee has a report before it/a report has been presented/ submitted to the Committee @произнести речь @выступить
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to make/deliver a speech @ первым выступит профессор Иванов
процедурная терминология
Professor Ivanov is the/our first speaker/ The first speaker is Professor Ivanov @ высказать замечание
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to make a remark/comment @ мое правительство поручило мне...
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My government has instructed me... @ сделать заявление в личном порядке
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to make a statement in a personal capacity @ выступая в качестве...
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I speak in my capacity as... @ принимать во внимание
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to take into consideration @ возражать
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to object @ возражение
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objection @ ссылаться на
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(статью, документ) to invoke/refer to an article, document @ в порядке уточнения
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on a point of clarification @ принимать @ одобрить
процедурная терминология
(предложение, доклад) to adopt/approve a proposal, report @ внести предложение @ внести резолюцию
процедурная терминология
to make a proposal/submit a motion/to move @ внести поправку
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to make an amendment @ выступить по порядку ведения заседания
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to raise a point of order @ высказаться за предложение
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to speak for a proposal @ высказаться против предложения
to speak against a proposal
@ снять предложение
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to withdraw a proposal @ закрыть заседание
процедурная терминология
to close/adjourn a meeting @ принимает
adopts (e.g. program of action)
@ утверждает
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adopts (e.g. program of action) @ признает, что
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acknowledges that @ утверждает, что @подчеркивает, что
affirms that
@ обращается с призывом к
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appeals to @ назначает
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appoints Mr. X as @ выражая признательность
процедурная терминология
appreciating @ заверяет народ и правительство
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assures the people and government @ в своем глубоком сочувствии
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deep of its sympathy @ сознавая
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aware of @ учитывая @ принимая во внимание
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bearing in mind/considering @ считает, что @ полагает, что
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believes/considers that @ по-прежнему считая, что
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continuing to believe that @ будучи озабоченным тем, что
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concerned about @ осуждает
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condemns @ поздравляет
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congratulates @ будучи убежден в том, что
процедурная терминология
convinced that @ объявляет, что
declares that
@ заявляет, что
states that
@ провозглашает, что
процедурная терминология
states, proclaims that @ выражает глубокое сожаление
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deeply deplores/regrets that @ с сожалением отмечает, что
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regrets/notes with regret @ объявляет
designates (i.e. June X as World X Day)
@провозглашает
процедурная терминология
proclaims (i.e. June X as World X Day) @ констатирует, что
процедурная терминология
determines that @ обращает внимание на
процедурная терминология
draws attention to @ подчеркивает
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emphasizes/stresses/underlines @ поощряет @ поддерживает
процедурная терминология
encourages, supports @ одобряет
процедурная терминология
endorses (i.e. proposal) @ создает @ учреждает
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establishes (an organization) @ выражает свое
процедурная терминология
expresses its
удовлетворение - satisfaction
признательность - appreciation благодарность - gratitude озабоченность - concern сочувствие - sympathy сожаление - regret решимость - determination @ выражает мнение, что
процедурная терминология
expresses the view that @ принимает сведению
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notes (having noted) @ приняв к сведению
having noted
@ настаивает на том, чтобы
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insists that @ настоятельно призывает
процедурная терминология
urgently requests @ руководствуясь
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inspired by, guided by @ предлагает
proposes
@ просит
invites, requests
@ призывает
процедурная терминология
calls on @ ожидает с интересом @ надеется
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looks forward to @ вновь подчеркивает @ вновь заявляет
процедурная терминология
reaffirms @ поручает
процедурная терминология
entrusts/authorize @

Словарь переводчика-синхрониста (русско-английский) > ПРОЦЕДУРНАЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ
18 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
19 reclamar

v.

1 to demand, to ask for.

le he reclamado todo el dinero que me debe I've demanded that he return to me all the money he owes me

la multitud reclamaba que cantara otra canción the crowd clamored for her to sing another song

2 to demand, to require.

el negocio reclama toda mi atención the business requires o demands all my attention

3 to ask for.

te reclaman en la oficina they're asking for you at the office

4 to protest.

5 to claim, to ask for, to demand, to lay claim to.

Ellos reclaman su premio They claim their prize.

6 to reclaim, to recover, to recuperate.

Reclamaron mucha tierra junto al mar They reclaimed a lot of land by the sea

7 to complain.

Ellos reclaman siempre They always complain.

8 to file a claim, to lodge a claim.

Ellos reclamaron hace un mes They filed a claim about a month ago.

* * *

reclamar

► verbo transitivo

1 (pedir) to demand, claim

2 (exigir) to require, demand

► verbo intransitivo

1 (protestar) to protest ( contra, against)

■ reclamaron contra aquella medida they protested against the measure

2 DERECHO to appeal

* * *

verb

1) to demand

2) claim

3) complain

* * *

1. VT

1) [+ herencia, tierras] to claim; [+ derechos] to demand

reclama su parte de los beneficios — he is claiming his share of the profits

reclamar daños y perjuicios — to claim damages

reclaman mejores condiciones de trabajo — they're demanding better working conditions

reclamar una deuda — to demand payment of a debt

reclamaron su presencia ante el tribunal — they demanded him to appear before the court

2) [+ atención, solución] to demand

esto reclama toda nuestra atención — this demands our full attention

3) [+ aves] to call to

2.

VI (=quejarse) to complain

fui a reclamar al director — I went and complained to the manager

reclamar contra algo — to complain about sth

reclamar contra una sentencia — (Jur) to appeal against a sentence

3.

See:

reclamarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) persona <derecho/indemnización> to claim; ( con insistencia) to demand

reclamó su parte — he claimed his share

reclaman el derecho al voto — they demand the right to vote

b) situación/problema to require, demand
2.
reclamar vi to complain

reclamó ante los tribunales — she took the matter to court

reclamé contra la multa — I appealed against the fine

* * *

= claim, recall, lay + claim(s) to, clamour for [clamor, -USA], reclaim, make + claim, place + claim, call on/upon, contest, appeal.

Ex. Periodicals control -- the procedures for receiving, ( claiming), and binding single issues of periodicals and serials -- is restricted to authorized users.

Ex. To send a recall, display the circulation status of the copy to be recalled.

Ex. If librarians would calmly and publicly and increasingly lay claim to this area as their professional domain, they would gradually bring about the change in attitude that many desire to see.

Ex. I've seen people clamor for a say and when it's given to them they don't take it.

Ex. The article ' Reclaiming our technological future' discusses the effects of electronic technology on the future development of libraries and librarians.

Ex. The claim is made that society is evolving from one whose formal communication patterns have, for centuries, been based primarily on print on paper to one in which communication channels will be largely paperless (electronic).

Ex. Overall the on-line method of placing claims was preferred because it resulted in a faster response from the vendor and a quicker receipt of the journal.

Ex. This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.

Ex. Unfortunately I have not been able to find another survey which incorporates data which would support or contest the conclusions of the Luton survey.

Ex. The judge rejected it because it was considered an intimidation tactic and there was no opportunity for those denied voting from appealing before the polls closed.

----

* reclamar daños = claim + damages.

* reclamar el control de = make + claim upon.

* reclamar el derecho a Algo = stake + Posesivo + claim.

* reclamar una decisión = appeal + decision.

* reclamar venganza = bay for + blood, bay for + vengeance.

* sin reclamar = unredeemed.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) persona <derecho/indemnización> to claim; ( con insistencia) to demand

reclamó su parte — he claimed his share

reclaman el derecho al voto — they demand the right to vote

b) situación/problema to require, demand
2.
reclamar vi to complain

reclamó ante los tribunales — she took the matter to court

reclamé contra la multa — I appealed against the fine

* * *

= claim, recall, lay + claim(s) to, clamour for [clamor, -USA], reclaim, make + claim, place + claim, call on/upon, contest, appeal.

Ex: Periodicals control -- the procedures for receiving, ( claiming), and binding single issues of periodicals and serials -- is restricted to authorized users.

Ex: To send a recall, display the circulation status of the copy to be recalled.

Ex: If librarians would calmly and publicly and increasingly lay claim to this area as their professional domain, they would gradually bring about the change in attitude that many desire to see.

Ex: I've seen people clamor for a say and when it's given to them they don't take it.

Ex: The article ' Reclaiming our technological future' discusses the effects of electronic technology on the future development of libraries and librarians.

Ex: The claim is made that society is evolving from one whose formal communication patterns have, for centuries, been based primarily on print on paper to one in which communication channels will be largely paperless (electronic).

Ex: Overall the on-line method of placing claims was preferred because it resulted in a faster response from the vendor and a quicker receipt of the journal.

Ex: This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.

Ex: Unfortunately I have not been able to find another survey which incorporates data which would support or contest the conclusions of the Luton survey.

Ex: The judge rejected it because it was considered an intimidation tactic and there was no opportunity for those denied voting from appealing before the polls closed.

* reclamar daños = claim + damages.

* reclamar el control de = make + claim upon.

* reclamar el derecho a Algo = stake + Posesivo + claim.

* reclamar una decisión = appeal + decision.

* reclamar venganza = bay for + blood, bay for + vengeance.

* sin reclamar = unredeemed.

* * *

reclamar [A1 ]

vt

1 «persona» ‹derecho/indemnización› to claim; (con insistencia) to demand

si no reclama el pago dentro de seis meses if you do not claim payment within six months

reclamó su parte de los beneficios he claimed his share of the profits

los manifestantes reclamaban el derecho al voto the demonstrators were demanding the right to vote

el enfermo reclamaba constantemente atención the patient was constantly demanding attention

2 «situación/problema» to require, demand

la situación reclama mucho tacto the situation calls for o requires a great deal of tact

estos problemas reclaman soluciones inmediatas these problems need to be sorted out immediately, these problems require o demand immediate solutions

■ reclamar

vi

to complain

tiene derecho a reclamar si no está satisfecho you have the right to complain o to make a complaint if you are not satisfied

reclamó ante los tribunales she took the matter to court

reclamé contra la multa I appealed against the fine

* * *

reclamar ( conjugate reclamar) verbo transitivo
a) [ persona] ‹derecho/indemnización› to claim;

( con insistencia) to demand
b) [situación/problema] to require, demand

verbo intransitivo
to complain;
◊ reclamó ante los tribunales she took the matter to court

reclamar
I verbo transitivo
1 (un derecho, una propiedad) to claim, demand
2 (requerir) to call: la empresa lo reclama en la sede central, the company have summoned him to the headquarters
Jur (a un testigo, inculpado) to summon
3 (exigir) este trabajo reclama nuestra paciencia, this work demands our patience
II verbo intransitivo
1 to complain, protest [contra, against]
2 Jur to appeal

' reclamar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
reivindicar
English:
claim
- demand
- reclaim
- stake

* * *

reclamar

♦ vt

1. [pedir, exigir] to demand, to ask for;

le he reclamado todo el dinero que me debe I've demanded that he return to me all the money he owes me;

reclamó ante un tribunal una indemnización she went to court to claim compensation;

la multitud reclamaba que cantara otra canción the crowd clamoured for her to sing another song

2. [necesitar] to demand, to require;

el negocio reclama toda mi atención the business requires o demands all my attention;

este conflicto reclama una solución inmediata this conflict calls for an immediate solution

3. [llamar] to ask for;

te reclaman en la oficina they're asking for you at the office

4. Der
reclamar a alguien to summon sb to appear before the court

♦ vi
[quejarse] to make a complaint;
reclamaron por los malos tratos recibidos they made a complaint about the ill-treatment they had received;

reclamó contra la sanción he made a formal protest against the suspension

* * *

reclamar

I v/t claim, demand

II v/i complain

* * *

reclamar vt

1) exigir: to demand, to require

2) : to claim

reclamar vi

: to complain

* * *

reclamar vb

1. (protestar) to complain

fui a la tienda a reclamar I went to the shop to complain

2. (exigir) to demand / to claim

los trabajadores reclaman el dinero que se les debe the workers demand the money owed to them

Spanish-English dictionary > reclamar
20 contre

contre [kɔ̃tʀ]

1. preposition

   a. (contact, juxtaposition) against

• s'appuyer contre un arbre to lean against a tree

• il s'est cogné la tête contre le mur he banged his head against the wall

• face contre terre face downwards

• il la serrait contre lui he clasped her to him

• pousse la table contre la fenêtre push the table up against the window

• elle se blottit contre sa mère she cuddled up to her mother

• elle s'assit (tout) contre lui she sat down (right) next to him

• les voitures étaient pare-chocs contre pare-chocs the cars were bumper to bumper

   b. (opposition, hostilité) against

• se battre/voter contre qn to fight/vote against sb

• Poitiers contre Lyon (Sport) Poitiers versus Lyon

• être en colère contre qn to be angry with sb

• je n'ai rien contre (cela) or là contre (formal) I have nothing against it

   c. (défense, protection) des comprimés contre la grippe flu tablets

• sirop contre la toux cough mixture

• s'assurer contre l'incendie to insure (o.s.) against fire

   d. (échange) (in exchange) for

• échanger qch contre to exchange sth for

   e. (proportion, rapport) 9 voix contre 4 9 votes to 4

• à 100 contre 1 at 100 to 1

2. adverb

• il a voté contre he voted against it

• je suis contre I'm against it

► par contre on the other hand

3. prefix

• contre(-) counter

* * *

I
1. kɔ̃tʀ
préposition

1) ( marquant un contact entre personnes)

viens contre moi — come to me

ils étaient couchés l'un contre l'autre — they were lying close together

2) ( marquant l'opposition) against

être seul contre tous — to stand alone against everyone else

on ne peut rien contre ce genre de choses — there's nothing one can do about that kind of thing

dix contre un — ten to one

230 voix contre 110 — 230 votes to 110

Nantes contre Sochaux — Sport Nantes versus Sochaux

le procès Bedel contre Caselli — the Bedel versus Caselli case

2.

adverbe

1) ( marquant un contact)

il y a un mur et une échelle appuyée contre — there's a wall and a ladder leaning against it

2) ( marquant l'opposition)

la majorité a voté contre — the majority voted against it

3.

par contre locution adverbiale on the other hand

II kɔ̃tʀ
nom masculin

1) ( d'opposition)

le pour et le contre — the pros and cons (pl)

2) Sport counter-attack

faire un contre — to counter-attack

3) Jeux ( au bridge) double

••

contre I

En général la préposition contre se traduit par against lorsqu'elle sert à indiquer

- un contact entre des choses: pousse le fauteuil contre le mur = push the armchair (up) against the wall. Les expressions telles que contre toute espérance, furieux contre sont traités sous l'élément principal, respectivement espérance, furieux etc

- une opposition: lutter/réagir/voter contre le racisme = to fight/react/vote against racism

- une défense: s'assurer contre le vol = to insure against theft; se protèger contre une attaque = to protect oneself against an attack

On aura toujours intérêt à consulter l'article de l'élément principal

Lorsque contre sert à indiquer la proximité, il se traduit par next to: leur jardin est contre le mien = their garden GB ou yard US is next to mine

Lorsque contre sert à indiquer un échange, il se traduit par for: changer une chemise trop petite contre une plus grande = to change a shirt which is too small for a larger one

Lorsque contre sert à indiquer une comparaison, il se traduit par as against: 22% contre 10% le mois dernier = 22% as against 10% last month

On trouvera ci-dessous d'autres exemples de contre dans ses diverses fonctions

* * *
kɔ̃tʀ
1. prép

1) (situation, position) against

Ne mets pas ton vélo contre le mur. — Don't put your bike against the wall.

2) (désaccord) against

Tu es pour ou contre ce projet? — Are you for or against this plan?

3) (protection) against

une crème contre les effets du soleil — a cream to protect against the effects of the sun

4) (échange) for, in exchange for

échanger qch contre qch — to exchange sth for sth, to swap sth for sth

J'ai échangé mon dictionnaire contre un paquet de cigarettes. — I swapped my dictionary for a packet of cigarettes.

2. adv

Je lui ai demandé: il est contre. — I asked him: he's against it.

3. nm

1) (opposé au pour)

peser le pour et le contre — to weigh up the pros and cons

Il y a du pour et du contre, il faut bien y réfléchir. — There are pros and cons, we must think about it carefully.

2)

par contre — on the other hand

* * *

I.

contre ⇒ Note d'usage

A prép

1 ( marquant un contact entre personnes) viens contre moi come to me; ils étaient couchés l'un contre l'autre they were lying close together;

2 ( marquant l'opposition) against; aller contre la décision de qn to go against sb's decision; je ne vais pas aller contre ce que tu as dit/fait I won't go against what you have said/done; c'est contre mes principes it's against my principles; il a tout le monde contre lui everyone is against him; tout est contre moi everything is against me; être seul contre tous to stand alone against everyone else; être contre une décision/un projet to be against a decision/a project; elle est toujours contre moi she's always against me; tu as quelque chose contre lui/cette idée? have you got anything against him/this idea?; je n'ai rien contre elle I've got nothing against her; on ne peut rien contre ce genre de choses there's nothing one can do about that kind of thing; dix contre un ( dans un pari) ten to one; la loi a été adoptée par 230 voix contre 110 the bill was passed by 230 votes to 110; Nantes contre Sochaux Sport Nantes versus Sochaux, Nantes vs Sochaux; le procès Bedel contre Caselli the Bedel versus Caselli case.

B adv

1 ( marquant un contact) il y a un mur et une échelle appuyée contre there's a wall and a ladder leaning against it;

2 ( marquant l'opposition) la majorité a voté contre the majority voted against it; ‘que penses-tu du projet?’-‘je suis contre’ ‘what do you think of the plan?’-‘I'm against it’; il refuse cette option, moi je n'ai rien contre he rejects this option, but I have nothing against it; si le comité vote en faveur des travaux je n'irai pas contre if the committee votes for the work to go ahead, I won't go against it.

C par contre loc adv on the other hand; je pense par contre que on the other hand I think that; en France, par contre, il est possible de… in France, on the other hand, it is possible to…; ⇒ fortune.

II.

contre nm

1 ( d'opposition) le pour et le contre the pros and cons (pl);

2 Sport counter-attack; faire un contre to counter-attack;

3 Jeux ( au bridge) double.

[kɔ̃tr] préposition

1. [indiquant la proximité] against, on

se frotter contre quelque chose to rub (oneself) against ou on something

se blottir contre quelqu'un to cuddle up to somebody

joue contre joue cheek to cheek

tenir quelqu'un tout contre soi to hold somebody close

allongé tout contre elle lying right next to ou beside her

un coup contre la vitre a knock on ou at the window

je me suis cogné la tête contre le radiateur I hit my head on the radiator

lancer une balle contre le mur to throw a ball against ou at the wall

mettez-vous contre le mur stand (right) by the wall

2. [indiquant l'opposition] against

nager contre le courant to swim upstream ou against the current

notre équipe aura le vent contre elle our team will play into the wind

être en colère contre quelqu'un to be angry at ou with somebody

je suis contre l'intervention I'm opposed to ou against (the idea of) intervention

voter contre quelqu'un/quelque chose to vote against somebody/something

Durier contre Chardin DROIT Durier versus Chardin

le match contre le Brésil the Brazil match, the match against ou with Brazil

avoir quelque chose contre quelqu'un to have something against somebody

pour une fois, j'irai contre mon habitude for once, I'll break my habit

vous allez contre l'usage/le règlement you're going against accepted custom/the regulations

3. [pour protéger de] against

pastilles contre la toux cough lozenges

lutter contre l'alcoolisme to fight (against) alcoholism

que faire contre l'inflation? what can be done about ou against ou to combat inflation?

s'assurer contre le vol to take out insurance against theft

4. [en échange de] for, in exchange ou return for

j'ai échangé mon livre contre le sien I swapped my book for hers

elle est revenue sur sa décision contre une promesse d'augmentation she reconsidered her decision after being promised a rise

5. [indiquant une proportion, un rapport] against, to

10 contre 1 qu'ils vont gagner! ten to one they'll win!

156 voix contre 34 156 votes to 34

ils nous sont tombés dessus à trois contre un there were three of them for every one of us, they were three to one against us

le dollar s'échange à 1,05 euros contre 1,07 hier the dollar is trading at 1.02 euros compared to ou (as) against 1.07 yesterday

6. [contrairement à]

contre toute attente contrary to ou against all expectations

contre toute logique against all logic

————————

[kɔ̃tr] adverbe

1. [indiquant la proximité]

il n'a pas vu le poteau, et sa tête a heurté contre he didn't see the post, and he banged his head against ou on it

2. [indiquant l'opposition] against

on partage? — je n'ai rien contre shall we share? — I've nothing against it ou it's OK by me

contre? levez la main hands up those against (UK), all against, hands up (US)

————————

[kɔ̃tr] nom masculin

1. [argument opposé]

le pour et le contre the pros and cons

2. SPORT & JEUX [au volley, au basket] block

[en escrime] counter

[au billard] kiss

[au bridge] double

marquer sur un contre FOOTBALL to score on a counter attack

faire un contre RUGBY to intercept the ball

————————

par contre locution adverbiale

on the other hand

il est très compétent, par contre il n'est pas toujours très aimable he's very competent, but on the other hand he's not always very pleasant

il parle espagnol, par contre son anglais laisse encore à désirer his Spanish is good, but his English isn't all it might be

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > contre

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См. также в других словарях:

vote of no confidence — noun The legal method of forcing the resignation of a leader, government or governing body • • • Main Entry: ↑vote * * * vote of no confidence (or vote of censure) a vote showing that a majority does not support the policy of a leader or… … Useful english dictionary
Vote — Vote, v. t. 1. To choose by suffrage; to elec?; as, to vote a candidate into office. [1913 Webster] 2. To enact, establish, grant, determine, etc., by a formal vote; as, the legislature voted the resolution. [1913 Webster] Parliament voted them… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
vote of confidence — noun an expression of approval and encouragement (Freq. 1) they gave the chairman a vote of confidence • Hypernyms: ↑encouragement * * * vote of confidence, 1. a vote given by the majority of members in a parliament to the government or its chief … Useful english dictionary
formal — /ˈfɔməl / (say fawmuhl) adjective 1. being in accordance with conventional requirements; conventional. 2. marked by form or ceremony: a formal occasion. 3. observant of form, as persons; ceremonious. 4. excessively ceremonious. 5. being a matter… …
vote down — PHRASAL VERB If people vote down a person or their proposal, they reject that person or proposal, usually as a result of a formal vote. [V P n (not pron)] The Congress voted down a motion to change the union s structure... [V n P] If he demands… … English dictionary
vote — 1 n [Latin votum vow, hope, wish] 1 a: a usu. formal expression of opinion or will in response to a proposed decision; esp: one given as an indication of approval or disapproval of a proposal, motion, or candidate for office b: the total number… … Law dictionary
vote of thanks — UK US noun [countable] [singular vote of thanks plural votes of thanks] a formal public speech that thanks someone for something that they have done Thesaurus: speeches and parts of speechessynonym … Useful english dictionary
vote — ► NOUN 1) a formal indication of a choice between two or more candidates or courses of action. 2) (the vote) the right to participate in an election. 3) (the vote) a particular body of electors or the votes cast by them: the green vote. ► VERB 1) … English terms dictionary
vote of thanks — n propose a vote of thanks (to sb) to make a short formal speech in which you thank someone, especially at a public meeting or a formal dinner … Dictionary of contemporary English
vote of confidence — plural votes of confidence n 1.) a formal process in which people vote in order to show that they support someone or something, especially the government ▪ On April 19 the new government won a vote of confidence by 339 votes to 207. 2.) something … Dictionary of contemporary English
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formal vote

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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formal vote

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